The Analysis of Feminism in Hamlet from the Perspective of Queen Gertrude and Ophelia
从格特鲁德皇后和奥菲莉亚的角度分析《哈姆雷特》中的女权主义
While Hamlet is well known as a great tragedy, there is also a women tragedy underlying in it. In Shakespear’s great works, there are quite a few female characters, but their role is based on a situation to accompany the male characters, showing women’s suffering from inequity. It results in a dependent status of female characters in the works. To analyze the female characters in Hamlet is to reveal the tragedy of women and how it plays in the whole tragedy. Through the portrayal of Queen Gertrude and Ophelia, it gives a more complete vision from negative to positive to explore how women end up in the traditional feminine ideology, no matter good or bad, and how people would perceive them.
尽管《哈姆雷特》是一场大悲剧，但其中也蕴藏着女性悲剧。 在莎士比亚的伟大作品中，有很多女性角色，但是她们的角色是根据男性角色的情况而定的，这表明女性正遭受不平等的折磨。 这导致作品中女性角色的依赖状态。 分析《哈姆雷特》中的女性角色就是揭示女性的悲剧及其在整个悲剧中的扮演。 通过对女王格特鲁德和奥菲莉亚的刻画，它给出了从消极到积极的更完整的视野，以探索女性如何以传统的女性意识形态来生活，无论好坏，人们如何看待它们。
The character Queen Gertrude is controversial as one of the two women characters in Hamlet. She appears to be not aggressive and dependent, as to how a traditional feminine stereotype describes. But no one could deny that she marries to Claudius two months after the old King Hamlet died. As Hamlet says, “within a month: Ere yet the salt of most unrighteous tears had left the flushing in her galled eyes. She married. O most wicked speed, to post with such dexterity to incestuous sheets!” (Shakespeare). At Act 1 when he is still introducing the background and incorporating his thoughts, he accuses Gertrude's crime of her remarriage. There are further judgments in Act Three Scene Four when Hamlet has a big argument with Gertrude. He uses words to describe her intention as animals instead of humans, a serious accuse of villainy. In the long arguments what people see is through the vision of Hamlet. It reinforces the gender expectations of a female from males. As Hamlet’s mother, she cannot defend for herself but to accept all the accuses. Thus, there are very few descriptions from her point of view or for her effort to conduct an action. The portrayal of her villainy is quite different from King Claudius’. His ambition and his conspiracy are well described by himself demonstrated to his fellows Laertes. It is a clear show of aggressive and cruel, showing the masculine in a negative way. In comparison, Gertrude's demoralization is a more subtle crime but it is seriously condemned by Hamlet by the long argument with heartbreaking words. The comparison shows how Shakespear depicted two gender roles negatively, but clearly different actions and expression, also with the judgment of the society. For Gertrude, she is a tragedy that lives from Hamlet’s view and rarely expresses herself. It is easy to imagine what the society will condemn her actions. However, Shakespear makes it quite understandable since Hamlet is the son of hers and her remarriage and the old King’s death make Hamlet mad, he has the reason to be rude to Gertrude.
《哈姆雷特》中的两个女性角色之一，格特鲁德皇后角色是有争议的。对于传统的女性刻板印象，她似乎没有侵略性和依赖性。但是没人能否认她是在老国王哈姆雷特去世两个月后嫁给克劳迪乌斯的。正如哈姆雷特（Hamlet）所说：“一个月之内：可是，最不义的眼泪的盐却使她眼中的潮红泛滥了。她结婚了。以最邪恶的速度，以这样的灵巧张贴在乱伦的床单上！”（莎士比亚）。在第1幕中，当他仍在介绍背景并融合自己的思想时，他指责格特鲁德再婚。哈姆雷特（Hamlet）与格特鲁德（Gertrude）大吵一架时，《第三幕第四幕》中还有进一步的判断。他用言语形容她的意图是作为动物而不是人类，这是对小人的严重指控。在长期的争论中，人们看到的是通过哈姆雷特的视野。它增强了男性对女性的性别期望。作为哈姆雷特（Hamlet）的母亲，她不能为自己辩护，只能接受所有指控。因此，从她的观点或她为采取行动的努力而来的描述很少。她的反派与克劳迪乌斯国王的写照大相径庭。向他的同伴莱尔特斯展示了他的野心和阴谋。它清楚地显示出侵略性和残酷性，以消极的方式展示了男性。相比之下，格特鲁德的士气低落是一种更为微妙的犯罪，但哈姆雷特却以令人心碎的话语引起了长期争论，对此严厉谴责。比较表明，莎士比亚如何消极地描绘了两个性别角色，但是在社会的判断下，角色和表达方式却明显不同。对于格特鲁德来说，她是一场悲剧，从哈姆雷特的角度出发，她很少表现自己。很难想象社会会谴责她的行为。不过，莎士比亚之所以大胆理解，是因为哈姆雷特（Hamlet）是她的儿子，她的再婚以及老国王的死令哈姆雷特（Hamlet）发疯，因此他有理由对格特鲁德（Gertrude）保持粗鲁。
Apart from the villainy accused by Hamlet, Gertrude conforms to a mother’s image who sincerely cares about her son. Her worry about Hamlet being mad and her love of Hamlet makes people reevaluate her villainy. What if she is submissive to the remarriage, just to protect her son instead of driven by sexual desire as Hamlet accuses? Maybe she is forced to do that, but she never says so and Hamlet never knows. She does make an effort to defend for Hamlet even after she is condemned by him. After Polonius is assassinated by Hamlet, she defends for him by claiming he is mad. She explains: “mad as the sea and wind, when both contend which is mightier: in his lawless fit, behind the arras hearing something stir, whips out his rapier, cries, ‘A rat, a rat!’ And, in this brainish apprehension, kills the unseen good old man…” and “... among a mineral of metals base, shows itself pure; he weeps for what is done” (Shakespeare). The words save Hamlet for being a murderer so that Hamlet is not punished because of the accident. She also prepares the flowers for the wedding of her son and Ophelia, but they sadly go to her tomb.
除了哈姆雷特（Hamlet）指责的小人外，格特鲁德（Gertrude）符合母亲真诚关心她儿子的形象。她担心哈姆雷特生气，对哈姆雷特的热爱使人们重新评估了她的反派。如果她服从再婚，只是为了保护自己的儿子，而不是像哈姆雷特那样受到性欲的驱使，该怎么办？也许她被迫这样做，但她从未这样说，哈姆雷特也不知道。即使她被哈姆雷特定罪，她也确实努力为哈姆雷特辩护。在波洛尼乌斯被哈姆雷特暗杀后，她声称自己疯了，为他辩护。她解释说：“疯狂得像海和风，当两者都争辩时，这更强大：在他无法无天的状态下，在arras听到一阵混乱之后，鞭打他的剑杆，哭着说：'一只老鼠，一只老鼠！'恐惧，杀死了看不见的好老人……”和“……在金属矿物质中，显示出自己的纯洁；他为所做的事而哭泣”（莎士比亚）。这些话使哈姆雷特（Hamlet）成为杀人犯，使哈姆雷特（Hamlet）不会因事故受到惩罚。她还为儿子和奥菲莉亚（Ophelia）的婚礼准备了鲜花，但可悲的是这些鲜花去了她的坟墓。
The last Scene at the climax, Gertrude drinks the poisoned drink for Hamlet while she says to King, “I will, my lord; I pray you, pardon me” (Shakespeare). It shows that she might recognize the drink is poisoned and decides to sacrifice for her son. The struggle she shows, the remarriage and the sacrifice that she chooses to do, is her way to protect Hamlet even without his understanding. It comes more irony when she dies, King Claudius still manages to control her as he explains to others that “she swounds to see them bleed.” Sadly, Gertrude becomes the tragedy who is restricted by the traditional ideology that remarriage of a female is so evil that she has to suffer the rejection from the society and his son. It is a reflection of how the stereotype restricts women from being themselves. What’s more, even if she is not a loyal wife, a good female character, she still suffers from the traditional feminine ideology, not aggressive, vulnerable, and submissive to the male power.
在高潮的最后一幕，格特鲁德（Gertrude）为哈姆雷特（Hamlet）喝下了有毒的饮料，同时她对国王说：我祈祷你，请原谅我”（莎士比亚）。它表明她可能认识到酒是有毒的，并决定为儿子牺牲。她所表现出的奋斗，再婚和选择的牺牲，是她保护哈姆雷特的一种方式，即使没有他的理解。具有讽刺意味的是，当她去世时，克劳迪乌斯国王仍然设法控制她，因为他向其他人解释说：“她转身看到他们流血。”可悲的是，格特鲁德成为悲剧，她受到传统观念的束缚，女性的再婚是如此传统邪恶的是，她不得不遭受社会和他儿子的拒绝。这反映了陈规定型观念如何限制妇女成为自己。而且，即使她不是一个忠实的妻子，一个很好的女性角色，她仍然遭受传统的女性意识形态的折磨，没有侵略性，脆弱性和顺从男性的权力。
The other female character Ophelia is a positive role. She is kind and deep in love with Hamlet. However, she is despised by Hamlet because she follows her father’s conspiracy. Her will is controlled by Polonius. Even though she is in love with Hamlet, she tells Polonius about the love letter and how Hamlet acts to show his love, which brings to Polonius’ plan to test Hamlet. Knowing Polonius plan, Ophelia does not express any rejections and follows the plan to test on what makes Hamlet mad. It shows the submissive of female situation in the family, always following the father and brother, and husband after marriage. Women are not allowed to have their own ideas but to be submissive. After her father’s death and despised by Hamlet, she becomes mad and finally gets some freedom and ends her life poetically. It is an underlying suggestion that women with free wills are considered mad in that society.
Orphelia is as pathetic as Gertrude, they could not choose to live with their free wills. Even if they tried to fight for it, it was useless and they finally have to submit to masculinity. It is a tragedy within the tragedy of Hamlet. Through the lenses of the female characters, it reveals the difficult women situation in the society at that time even among the noble families. It is not hard to imagine the even harder life for lower class women to live and struggle.
Works Cited
Shakespeare, William. Hamlet. Oxford University Press, 2002.
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